Childhood Attachment Disorders And Its Effects On The...

Insecure attachments in childhood can have a profound impact on the developing brain, which in turn affects an individual’s relationships, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Substance use disorders are a common response to unresolved childhood pain which is perpetuated by the inability to self-soothe and regulate one’s emotions. Those with undiagnosed attachment disorders can exhibit misguided attempts at protecting oneself through the use of substances. Studies with children suggest that reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with pathogenic early care. Research is limited regarding the effects of unresolved attached disorders and adversity in adulthood (Minnis, Flemming, Cooper, 2010). Recognizing and treating substance†¦show more content†¦A mother’s ability to attune, regulate, and respond to an infant has considerable developmental and interpersonal consequences (Bowlby 1988; Shapiro 2012). Repeated proximity-seeking behaviors with prim ary caregivers lay the foundation for individual strategies that assist in the regulation of emotions and the ability to form intimate bonds (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013). One’s experiences early on in life create the foundation from which we form our perceptions of self and others, and are associated with the development of neural pathways in the brain that control responses to stress (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013), and influence future relationships and attachments in adulthood (Snyder, Shapiro, Treleaven, 2012). Attachment theory, first theorized by Bowlby in the late 1960s, has seen resurgence in recent years (De Rick, Vanheule, Verhaeghe, 2009). Significant aspects of attachment theory have reinforced the idea that the relationship between the infant and the primary caregiver has influential effects on intimacy later in life (De Rick et al., 2009). In a study conducted by Ann De Rick, Stijn Vanheule, Ph.D., and Paul Verhaeghe (2009), alcoholic individuals in an inpatient treatment setting with an impaired attachment system were observed. According De Rick, et al. (2009), the individuals were clearly shut down from others with the

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 38 Free Essays

â€Å"Can you do it, Leigh?† Will’s voice, his face, was concerned. â€Å"Of course she can.† Jessie smacked me on the back. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 38 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"If it means getting rid of Hector, you can handle anything, right? He murdered your family.† â€Å"I remember.† The room went silent, as if in respect for those who had died. I thought of them – went over their names again in my mind. Jessie was right. I could do anything if it meant sending Hector to hell. â€Å"Let’s make a plan,† I said. Edward ran a hand over my head. â€Å"There’s my girl.† Warmth spread through me at his praise. However, when he saw I was still holding Damien’s hand he frowned and stepped away. I hoped I wouldn’t have to choose between the two of them. But that was a worry for another time. If I lived past tonight. We sat around the kitchen table. Will made coffee. Since I had no cinnamon, the secret ingredient, it wasn’t as good as the last time. But it was certainly better than any coffee I’d ever made. The planning didn’t take long. â€Å"Shoot him with silver,† Edward advised. â€Å"It is all you can do.† â€Å"Cora said silver will kill a Weendigo. But a power eater, she wasn’t sure.† â€Å"Silver wasn’t supposed to kill the wolf god,† Jessie murmured. â€Å"But it did?† â€Å"Only because / shot her.† Will took Jessie’s hand, and she squeezed his fingers with a sad, wistful smile. â€Å"I loved her.† â€Å"The wolf god ritual was about love,† Will explained. â€Å"Zee needed the blood of the one who loved her to complete the ritual. Therefore, only the hand of the one who loved her could end her life. This ritual is about hate, enemies, lust, and not love.† â€Å"Nice,† I muttered. Will continued as if I hadn’t spoken. â€Å"So it follows that if the power eater is shot by the one who hates him, his enemy, he should be wounded, disabled at the least. Then, to end his existence forever†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Will looked at me. â€Å"Conquering of the enemy, by eating of the flesh.† â€Å"Precisely.† I could hardly wait. The meeting broke up. The others dispersed to take their hiding places and wait for Hector. Damien and I, the bait, waited, too. I wanted to finish what Edward had interrupted. Sex with love – for the first time. Damien touched me and I felt reborn. If we could get through tonight alive we could share love, life, a future. The door burst open and in strode Hector. My back flared with agony, and I fell to the floor, writhing, helpless. Hector grabbed Damien by the neck and tossed him across the room as if he were a doll. Damien cracked against the wall and slid into a heap. A man would be dead. A werewolf should be fine. Damien lay still. He appeared broken. I crawled toward him. My back was on fire, but I had other things to worry about. I placed my palm against his chest. He was breathing, but a tiny trickle of blood ran out of his ear. I had to remember that Hector was stronger than the average werewolf. I reached for Damien’s face, and suddenly Hector yanked me to my feet. â€Å"I’ll kill him later. Under the full moon.† He prodded Damien with his toe. â€Å"I will enjoy it. No one touches my mate.† Hector turned his back on Damien as if he were nothing. He stared down at me, then grasped the neck of my T-shirt and tore it off with a single jerk. Shocked, I could only stand there as he made short work of my jeans and underwear. â€Å"Trust me, querida. You won’t need them.† I nearly gagged at the thought of what he had planned. I soothed myself with the knowledge that his plan would not go as he wanted it to. I had to soothe myself with something. Damien was unconscious; I had no clothes, no weapon, and the blood moon glistened heavy on the horizon. With one hand Hector tossed me over his shoulder, and he carried me down the steps. We passed others on the way. Black, white, red, I recalled many of their faces from the tavern. I guess race relations were tip-top among the ranks of the fanged and furry. Perhaps that was one of the reasons Hector had made himself a werewolf. With them it was all about strength, power, who could kill whom – not the color of your skin, the amount of money you made, or who your parents had been. Understanding werewolves – what next? â€Å"I’m going to throw up if you don’t put me down,† I managed. â€Å"Werewolves do not throw up.† It was on the tip of my tongue to say something smart about the best-laid plans, but I contained myself. I needed to wait until I had him where I wanted him before he learned the truth. But where exactly would that be? I managed to glance back at my apartment right before Hector hauled me into the woods. The others, still in human form, carted Damien down the steps. Hands had their uses, it seemed. The cool, damp air of the forest closed around us. Darkness descended, nearly complete, the time between sunset and moonrise a still, peaceful, eager place. I waited for that first sliver of silver to spill through the leaves. What would happen then? Where was Jessie? Will? Edward? I knew they wouldn’t leave me. They had to be following as closely as they dared. â€Å"How did you like your first change?† I wasn’t sure what to say, since I hadn’t had one. I didn’t want to make a mistake, tip Hector off. He laughed; his exquisite voice lowered to a rumbling growl, rippling through my belly, setting panic to my brain. â€Å"Don’t worry; the first change is always the worst. You will love the second. Especially what comes after.† Somehow I doubted that. He turned his head, nuzzled my thigh. His palm stroked my scar, then lower. â€Å"I remember how we were together. You were hot, wet. I’ve never come so hard.† His teeth grazed my hip. He licked me, took a fold of my skin between his lips, and suckled. â€Å"I can’t wait to be inside you again. It’ll be even better this time. I promise.† My mind raced, trying to find a way out of this pickle. My brain felt like a hamster on a wheel, running, running, getting nowhere. I had to kill Hector, but how? We came to a clearing I’d never seen before. How would Jessie and the others find me? My heart beat as fast as my mind twirled. I was long past scared and halfway to terrified. Killing Hector and becoming free of him forever had sounded good, but doing it was another matter. I didn’t want to be alone with this man, this beast. The very thought paralyzed me. If I was paralyzed, how could I stop him? Even if I knew what to do. Hector dumped me onto the ground. I looked up. Blinked. Sighed. Jessie, Will, and Edward sat in a row, each tied to a pole and gagged for good measure. Well, at least I wouldn’t be alone. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 38, Essay examples

What You Should Do About Research Paper Online Free Starting in the Next 9 Minutes

What You Should Do About Research Paper Online Free Starting in the Next 9 Minutes The Downside Risk of Research Paper Online Free The document must express the topic of your research. Moreover there's the References page, which features an extensive collection of all the sources which were used in the paper. Some research paper proposal template selections include an area at which you may include a literary review. There are a lot of good references to assist you with research methodology and technical writing. Initially, completely free research paper examples were posted on the internet, to be able to help students acquire new knowledge and information concerning the research paper writing, as a portion of the educational procedure. To acquire an idea, students may study completely free research papers online. Typically, they are on a tight budget, so they're searching for cheap research papers to order. When you get a research paper from a business, you wish to make sure that you are getting the degree of consumer service you have earned. All you have to do is make your purchase! There are literally less than one handful of organizations, operation for a paper writing service, that execute elevated levels of security for all transactions. You require a research paper service which will provide you with the very best customer experience possible. You will also see differences in a re search proposal template design when you're proposing diverse forms of research. The objective of the proposal is so you're able to sway project funders to supply you with the monies required to finish the essential research. Once more, you access the website at your own risk. If you aren't a student, then the library can't offer you online access. What's Actually Happening with Research Paper Online Free In case it seems too problematic for you and don't wish to shell out an excessive amount of time for writing research paper, you could always order it first class on-line site. How you construct your paper will depend on what type of research thesis you've posed. Though the research paper might not be very enjoyable to write, it's a helpful tool for professors. Writing a research paper can be an intimidating chore. You'll receive the gist of any paper compressed into only a couple of sentences! You might believe that our very best writers are so high-flying that there isn't any chance for you to keep in contact with them during a paper writing process. You're able to speak to any journal at any moment. Clearly, there's more than 1 person who'd attempt to use an absolutely free research paper as original writing. You are able to use a research proposal example to aid in designing your own template. The duration of the research proposal template isn't long. The academic level and the function of the paper, if it's the dissertation or another kind of assignment, plays a part in what goes into the initial proposal. The research proposal template is going to have an area at which you can set the title of the document. If you aren't pleased with the essay, it's your right to request modification or revision. Otherwise, in case you have been invited to submit to a journal, follow the direct ions offered to you. The procedure is extremely simple. The revision procedure requires two leading documents. Usually you simply pay the price of the paper copy. Perhaps you've already written your paper but aren't confident that it's up to par. After all, should you not get your term paper delivered on time you're just wasting your money and you will receive a poor grade for not turning in your assignment in time. Read right up to the conclusion of the totally free paper. While buying a term paper, you need to make certain you receive the best possible thing. Even when you have the opportunity to actually dive into a research paper, you might still wind up struggling. You need to be sure you receive a great deal and not simply some old, cheap, term papers. Our college term papers for sale supply you with a good deal every moment.

How to Find the Best Topics to Do a Research Paper on

How to Find the Best Topics to Do a Research Paper onTo gain the information you need to write an excellent research paper, try some of the random topics to do a research paper on. Your research paper will not be completed if you only give time and effort to one or two topics. The idea is to start writing right away with several topics that are being discussed in the class. You can find answers for your question, if you follow the steps in this article.The first random topic to do a research paper on is what motivates an individual? It is possible to find the answer through several studies and if you are an English major, you may also find it to be relevant.As part of the coursework, you may opt to attend an online university which offers courses in English and related subjects such as human-centered design, psychology, and sociology. For your information, when you attend an online university, you get to take the classes in a lot of places and universities are still a common feature. If you are studying English, you may want to look into the job market in another country. The general unemployment rate in some countries is above 50%. You can find out information about the job market in other countries through a study abroad program.Many students choose to participate in an internship program at a certain company or a government agency in order to have some knowledge of the job market and have an experience to put in their writing about the topic of their research paper. When you do a research paper, you will learn about the industry in a variety of fields and how they treat different jobs.When you enroll in an online university, you will not need to give up your social life. As long as you spend time doing other research, you will not have to make sacrifices for your studies. Remember, you will be busy all day but you will still be able to have a social life with the people you know.If you are taking a course in another country, you will not have to leave your fr iends behind if you are doing a research paper on social issues and the globalization of the economy of a country in another's world. You can also get information about the online world of technology and where it can be used to benefit your class.When you write an excellent research paper, you will be able to answer the questions you want to ask about a specific topic. Remember, it is up to you how much time you want to spend doing research because you have unlimited resources.

Can I Edit My Essay After I Have Submitted It to a College Or University?

Can I Edit My Essay After I Have Submitted It to a College Or University?Can I edit my essay after I have submitted it to a college or university? For the answers to this question, we must first define what editing is. The term is used to describe any process by which content is reworked, revised, or changed for the purpose of improving the quality and purpose of the content.In fact, editing is an integral part of the writing process and is defined as writing and editing academic articles, reports, letters, or other text, text documents and more. The main intention of editing is to change the content from something that may be awkward to something that would help you get your point across in the best way possible.There are a number of editors who could do a great job in editing your paper. The type of editor who could do the job is different for each student. Some students would prefer a speech or dramatic editor, while others would need someone who could write essays and better anal yze the content. The type of editor who could do the job would depend on the person, their personality, and the specific area of the assignment that need editing.So what is it that the student would do with the content that he or she has submitted to the essay or has submitted to the journal, magazine, or college? That's the best question to ask yourself.One thing that might help to answer your question is to call up an editor or writer who could edit the work and provide editorial services. An editor or an expert writer may be able to change the content that you have already written to something that would better match your objective and meaning. An editor might also be able to find errors in the content and correct them, or he might even find something new or different that you have never thought of before.If you would prefer someone else to edit your content, there are places that will allow you to pick out your own editor, or someone to edit your content. If you have previously submitted a paper, they could even send it to you. However, if you have not yet submitted any papers, it would be a good idea to ask a professor, guidance counselor, or tutor for assistance.Editing is not always easy, but is not impossible either. In fact, it is one of the most fun parts of the academic writing process.

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With Errors

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With ErrorsIf you want to write a sample paper, make sure it has spelling errors and grammar errors. Even if you have the correct curriculum vitae and evidence to back up your claims, there is no way to guarantee that it will be read and accepted by the university admissions committee. Keep these things in mind when composing your sample student essay.There are many considerations that go into writing academic writing. They include consistency, style, punctuation, spelling, grammar, and most importantly, tone. Your choice of topic, quality of your academic background, experience, and credibility all play a role in determining the tone you create for your essay.You might think that you can alter the language or spelling in your essay. This isn't possible, but you can make an effort to edit the grammar and style of your sample. In particular, you want to avoid taking paragraphs out of context. For example, if your topic is the myth of non-existence, you might want to note that in many instances the single word 'no' was used as a verb.The topic of your academic essay might be about or relating to a specific part of your life. Writing about your profession in this manner will lead to the impression that you are too sheltered to deal with outside life. It also presents a rather negative view of your career choices. You might want to choose a topic that is more personal, such as a family member's difficulties with substance abuse or a close friend's struggle with a disease.To get through your academic essay with accuracy, you will need to prepare yourself mentally for the task ahead. This will require preparation time and effort. However, just a few minutes each day to focus on the quality of your writing will go a long way toward improving your writing. This applies to writing samples as well.The best thing to do in the writing samples is to stick to the basic form of your topic. This includes making sure that you cite sources, clarify and discuss details that are confusing, use precise grammar, and avoid unnecessary phrases and such. There is little room for error in these examples. By using those basic format standards, you will stand a better chance of being accepted. Being recognized as an excellent writer is all the more beneficial when you get a chance to meet a much higher caliber of students who might have applied for your academic institution.Remember that the academic college essay can be much more than simply conveying a specific point to your audience. While it is certainly the aim of the writing sample to earn the desired degree, your essay needs to be able to communicate your own perspective and experiences. If you are unsure of how to start, consider consulting a professional. There are so many different types of writing samples, it is easy to find one that will suit your own writing style.

Swot Walt Disney Essay Example

Swot Walt Disney Essay The Walt Disney Company was founded in as a cartoon studio in 1923. Walter Elias Disney, founder of the Walt Disney Company, was a pioneer in the development of animation as an industry. Disney is one of the most famous names in the animation industry, known for providing entertainment directed to adults and children alike; with international theme parks and a world-class animation studio and business franchise, the company nearly dominates the industry. Famous names such as Mickey Mouse began with Disney, and were the foundation of a company that has now branched out into several entertainment studios, theme parks, products, and other media productions. The Walt Disney company has a prestigous history in the entertainment industry, stretching over 75 years. It started on October 16, 1923 as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, a joint venture of Walt Disney and his brother, Roy. Three years later the company had produced two movies and purchased a studio in Hollywood, Calfiornia. Pitfalls in distribution rights nearly sank Walt and his company, but the creation of Mickey Mouse saved a sinking ship. By 1932, the Disney Company won its first Academy Award for Best Cartoon, for the Silly Symphony. 1934 marked the production of Disneys first full-length feature film,  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which released in 1937 and became the highest grossing film of its time. But afterwards, the expenses of production caused difficulties with the next few animated films; then the advent of World War II halted the production of films as the Walt Disney company contributed its skills to the war effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Walt Disney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Walt Disney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Walt Disney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the war it was difficult for the company to pick up where it had left off, but 1950 proved a turning point with the production of its first live-action film,  Treasure Island  and another animated film,  Cinderella. In that time period, Disney also began several television series; in 1955, The Mickey Mouse Club also made its debut. 1955 also provided another landmark moment: the opening of the first California Disney theme park, Disneyland. Disney continued its rise in popularity, and survived even the death of its founder in 1966. His brother Roy took over supervision at that time, and then was succeeded by an executive team in 1971. Several more projects, from merchandising to the continuing production of animated and live-action films to the construction of more theme parks filled the years; in 1983, Disney went international with the opening of Tokyo Disneyland. In the past few decades, Disney has moved into a wider market, beginning The Disney Channel on cable and establishing subdivisions such as Touchstone Pictures to produce films other than the usual family-oriented fare, gaining a firmer footing on a broader range. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company suffered from takeover attempts, but eventually recovered; the recruiting of the current chairman, Michael D. Eisner, was crucial to that. Eisner and executive parnter Frank Wells have been a successful team, leading Disney to continue its tradition of excellence into a new century. Strenghts: The Walt Disney Companys main strength is in its resources, its experience in the business, and its low-cost strategy. Besides, the company has developed clearly a very strong and well known brand-name through many years. The company has also been able to diversify its operations and products to hedge against decreasing sales in product lines. In recent years, it has categorized into Home Video, Film, merchandise, Radio broadcasting, Net-work television and in theme parks. It has also effectively diversified globally its operations from USA to Japan and Europe. The main strengths in internal resources relate to human resources and financial stability. Employees in the Walt Disney Company studies appear to be extremely creative and they have produced several box-office productions in these recent years. A company without new ideas is bounded in todays competitive business environment. However, the low-cost-corporate-strategy is a benefit for the company. The company can control costs, and still produce quality goods and services. Financial risks have been minimized by sharing initial investment costs with a maximum number of outside participants. 1. It is the largest media and entertainment company in the world. 2. It has become one of the biggest Hollywood studios. 3. Disney Company owns 11 theme parks and several channels. 4. Disney employees 150,000 people. 5. Innovative ideas 6. Global standardization . It is among the popular brand names in the world. 8. It has well established divisions Walt Disney Studio Entertainment, Disney-ABC Television Group, Disney Interactive Media Group, Disney Consumer Products, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Interactive Studios. 9. Increasing trends in overall revenues and profits. 10. Disney holds US$ 62. 497 billion of assets. 11. Popular c haracters 12. High brand awareness among the people. 13. Differentiation 14. The Walt Disney logo is famous. 15. Walt Disney was ranked 8th in the Top 100 Global Brands. Weaknesses Corporations always have internal weaknesses. The Walt Disney Companys main weaknesses are the following: A very large work load, often changes in top-management, and high overhead expenditures. The company has 58,000 employees in 1991. This fact represents possible communications problems, and a high bureaucracy level through the corporation. The companys work load will increase even larger, and the organizational structure has to be able to support an extension of the work load by varying into more businesses and niches. The company has a very frequently changes and its corporate officers makes the corporate structure even more difficult. There are many positive things that often changes, but the changes are also associated with resistance, and high expenses. 1. High operating cost 2. Frequent change in top management 3. The $1. 8 Billion park have only 16 attractions. 4. Religious welfare group protest against the release of material which was found offensive by many people. 5. Poor working conditions in factories that produce their merchandise. 6. Disney was also criticized by animal welfare group for their caring procedure for animals at Disney Animal Kingdom theme Park. 7. Poor management. 8. Disney has been blamed of having sexual implication or references concealed in some of their animated movies,  including The Lion King, The Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and Disney original releases of The   Rescuers. 9. High investment with high risk involved. 10. Continuous innovative ideas are required to retain the attention of customers. 11. Limited range of target audience mainly Children. Opportunities External opportunities should be recognized, analyzed, and responded to in a very early stage. The Walt Disney Company is facing several external opportunities. However, the external threats facing the company are out-numbering the opportunities. Opportunities include the following; positive government attitudes towards its operations, barriers of entry are significant, and include the entertainment industry itself. Legal and legislative forces are usually identified as negative external factors to the company. Furthermore, the French government contributed greatly in the Euro Disneyworld project in the Walt Disney Company’s case. The French government invested in the project to built communication facilities, and gave the Walt Disney Company tax reliefs on cost of goods sold accounts. In addition, since the barriers of entry into the highly specialized industry in which the Walt Disney Company is still operating, competition will find it difficult to penetrate the companys highly diversified product or service mix. Therefore, large initial capital investments are required to enter the industry accordingly. 1. Move into different segments 2. Proper inventory management 3. Market development in untapped countries. 4. Reduction in operating costs. 5. Disney music channel 6. Benchmarking to improve management practices. 7. Disney school of management and training 8. Online Websites 9. Develop more attractions for theme park. Threats Major threats to the Walt Disney Company include the following; Over saturated markets, politics and economic aspects from a global perspective, and foreign competition. As the supply of products and services in the entertainment industry is starting to saturate the markets, competition will be more exciting, and only the most powerful companies will be able to survive finally. The Walt Disney Company has leveraged this risk to a certain level as it has diversified and globalized its operations, but still, the company is in the service/entertainment business. The Cable-giants such as Turner Broadcasting Systems (TBS) may not be able to manage the stress on its operation such as the Network-television division. 1. Security Threats due to terrorism 2. Employee retention 3. High competition in Media Industry. 4. Facing fierce competition from Paramount Parks, News Corporation, CBS, Time-Warner, Universal Studios and Six Flags Theme Parks. . Social and ethnic groups. 6. Government policies 7. High demanding market in terms of innovation. 8. Increasing salaries and labor cost. 9. Recession 10. Maintain product differentiation. 11. Tight competition in national and international markets. 12. Searching, paying and retaining innovative people. 13. Piracy Strategies The Walt Disney Companys corporate level strategy is based on a horizontal and scattered informal man agement approach. Ideas are born within the departments and are processed throughout the low hierarchy relatively from the final decisions. The management is placed on group creativity and in teamwork. For example, the most creative employees usually met the target in the purpose of generate with new ideas and new business strategies. As seen in this example, a large emphasis is focused on employee participation, especially on the most talented employees. Furthermore, the company is always refreshing its top management with new executives. Top-flight managers from the entertainment corporation and the financial business think new ideas and concepts which can be applied in the Walt Disney Company. There is however a significant increase in expense attached to attracting the very best to join the company. This increase in expense is related to special perk-packages directly, higher bonuses and escalated salaries that are offered to the top-executives. Another interesting strategy is the focal point that is focused on enhancement of the business. The corporate policy is to grow slowly instead of impress others. It is important for the company to meet demand with a sufficient supply of goods and/or services. It can be accomplished by effective distribution channels and marketing department. This leads us to another corporate policy, efficiency and suppression. Recently, movie industry trend towards increase in costs rapidly, it have a direct effect on the profitability of the company. By reducing the costs involved in making and marketing Disney films, it is cheaper and more profitable movies can be produced. Efficiency enforced by tight budgets and expected high returns, Disney must be able to produce more efficiency and cheaper than its competition. In addition, the corporate strategy is clearly focusing on diversifying its products and services. The expansion overseas rapidly and an increase in the product and service mix have created an umbrella effect. Thus, risks have been reduced and minimized. If one product line fails, other product lines have to cover for its losses. The Walt Disney Company is able to produce more and more products to the others countries which do not have Disneyland. Instead of going toward the countries that have Disneyland, the customers also can buy the Disney products in their own countries.