An Inspector Calls Essay

JB Priestly wrote ‘An Inspector Calls’ to enhance the message that ‘we don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other’. This is something Priestly felt strongly about and he succeeded in representing his views through the character of the Inspector in the play itself. He wanted to communicate the message that our actions, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, always affect others. He uses the downfall of Eva Smith and a chain of events to demonstrate this. This leads to a very convincing and well-devised play, which puts across JB Priestley’s views clearly and precisely. In Edwardian Britain there was a great difference in the roles of men and women in society and the outlook of what and was not accepted differed substantially. A prime example of this in the play is when Mr Birling says ‘Nothing to do with you, Sheila. Run along. ‘ This tells us that women are treated as inferior to men as they should not interfere with their conversations. For example, upper class men were encouraged to gain sexual experience with lower class women. This way, women were preserved until the wedding night as a sign of purity. The background a marriage carried was seen as more important than the relationship between the couple. In many cases it was necessary for individuals to marry into families that offered greater status or financial strength. This is shown in the play when Mr Birling says ‘Your father and I have been friendly rivals in business†¦ we may look forward to a time when Craft’s and Birling’s are no longer competing but are working together. This suggests Mr Birling cares more about his own welfare than Gerald and Sheila’s happiness. The Inspector conveys the theme of responsibility. He shows we must all look out for each other and think before taking actions. Priestley uses Eva Smith’s death as an example of the suffering of lower class women in Edwardian times and directs the blame at the whole family caused by their small but consequential, chain of events. Priestley cleverly brings in the inspector at a strategic moment, just after Birling has stated ‘that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own’. This is the speech that Birling has just made, which reveals his true character. That of a narcissistic, unsparing old man. But then the inspector comes in and gradually shows them how wrong Birling is and how we should feel and show responsibility for one another.

Saving Normal

What is normal? Normal, like the word love, has no true definition and will differ with every person you ask. Defined in the dictionary normal is â€Å"to conform to a particular standard† or â€Å"desired pattern†. I believe most people will say a normal person is one whom is free from defect, handicap and mental illness. Metallization is a social process through which a previously normal human condition whether is be behavioral, physiological or emotional, becomes a medical problem in need of treatment.For example, not long ago being a shy person, â€Å"being reserved or having r showing nervousness or timidity in the company of other people†, was common and something most people experienced at some points in their lives. However, now shyness is out the realm of normal and made it's way into medical books. A shy person may now be one who is suffering from â€Å"avoiding personality disorder† or a number of other anxiety-relation mental disorders that has to be treated with antidepressants. In Saving Normal, Dry.Allen Frances argues that a high percentage of people diagnosed with mental illness are actually normal. This widespread metallization of normality is leading to over-treatment and over-medicating of mental health issues. The biggest health threat that we face may be our health-care system. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ADSM, has become the â€Å"bible† for physicists. It was first published in 1953 and since then has been revised several times. The ADSM is the go to guide for doctors, government and health insurers and also used in the law.Being the chair of the ADSM-IV task force, Allen Frances had the inside scoop on how the psychiatric community classified and defined mental disorders and illnesses. He then goes to explain how the newest edition of the ADSM causes people to be diagnosed and prescribed drugs when they actually don't need them. The ADSM-V has expanded criteria for diagno sis of certain mental or psychological conditions and added new conditions that redefine more people as having mental illness. Both of these issues lead to ‘normal' people being labeled as patients in need of pharmaceutical treatment.It is worrying that the decisions about ADSM-V categories are made by experts with financial ties to the industry that benefits most from a widened patient population. Having criteria that is too broad means that people who would do well without medication are being restricted drugs they don't need and may possibly be harmed by. The problems with over-treatment and over-diagnoses as they relate to mental health are alarming. For example, the widespread diagnoses of mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, is appalling.ADD used to be only diagnosed to a small percentage of children, but currently all matters of activeness and disruption a child shows in their classroo m is being initialized. Some kids, particularly boys, are by nature more active than other. Childhood has now become an illness, what now passes for ADD is nothing more than normal variation or developmental difference. Two-thirds or more of active kids who have been mislabel ADD suffer unnecessary stigma, reduced expectations and harmful side effects from the drugs they're on.Metallization has increased the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry. Before you sell a drug you have to sell an illness. Therefore pharmaceutical companies now not only market drugs, but also they market illnesses as well. As relating to ADD, the misleading marketing by drugs companies to push their pills plays a big role in kids being assailable and mistreated once parents or educators view these advertisements. The rate of ADD in the United States has tripled to an inflated 11%. While the sales of ADD medications are approaching a profit of $10 billion a year.As Frances believes the biggest person w ho is responsible for diagnostic inflation is Big Pharmacy.. As soon as the drug companies were able to direct to consumer marketing, advertisements now convinced people that they had some type of mental illness. This resulted in them asking their doctors, mostly primary care physicians who have little raining in psychology, about a variety of prescription drugs. The doctors, whom are easily influenced by the young, sales representatives, are given free samples from drug companies which further pushes the prescribing of expensive medications.Primary care doctors prescribe 80% of psychotropic drugs and as mentioned prior have little training and/or little interest in psychiatry; in addition they spend little time actually evaluating symptoms. A majority of these doctors tend to favor pill solutions and some even build their practice on becoming known for passing out restrictions for whatever the patients wants. A consequence of diagnostic inflation leads to an increased cost for unne cessary drugs and psychiatric treatment.Americans are now spending billions of dollars on psychiatric medications but according to Frances â€Å"We are ignoring the people who have severe psychiatric illness; so that, one-third of people with severe depression see a mental health clinician, two- thirds don't. Two-thirds of people with severe depression get no treatment at all. At the same time, we're way over-diagnosing people who have milder problems that would get better on their own. Diagnosis can cause more harm than good when not really needed. We are over-treating those who don't need treatment, while neglecting those who do.The ADSM-5 medicals things that happen in everyday life, which makes the pool of normal a small puddle. In ADSM-5 normal grief become â€Å"Major Depressive Disorder†; forgetfulness due to old age is â€Å"Mild Unrecognized Disorder†; temper tantrums are â€Å"Disruptive Mood Desegregation Disorder†; gluttony is â€Å"Binge eatingâ⠂¬  and the symptoms for adult ADD most adults will qualify for. As many people are told they are sick, fewer people are being told they are well. This causes an epidemic of diagnoses and creates the impression we live in a sick society.Metallization may lead people to mistakenly believe that they should feel normal all the time despite the life stresses, worries or disappointments they may be going through. This may cause them to think that they have some type of mental illness that needs treatment when they are Just experiencing regular events or feelings that may people have. While these â€Å"normal† people are given ample treatment, this leaves those in actual the need of psychiatric help neglected. We have become a pill popping society. The misuse of legal drugs has now become a bigger public health problem than the use of street drugs.Emergency room visits for overdose on prescription drugs is more frequent than for street drugs. Prescription drug mortality rate is 16 ,000 deaths a year which is more than heroine and cocaine death combined. Frances states our country is spending far too much on unnecessary and often tyrannically harmful health care and far too little on education. Referring back to ADD in children, a large sum of money is wasted on the expensive ADD drugs that would be better invested in smaller classroom sizes and more facilities for physical activity that allow hyper-active children to blow off steam and wear their hypnoses out a little.There should be a better way of understanding and handling normal difference in one's activity, we shouldn't be spending so much money on medical treatment and exposing children to stimulants which have serious long-term side effects. Psychiatric treatment can be very efficient and effective when practiced correctly within appropriate boundaries. Failing diagnoses can result in a lawsuit, but however there are no consequences for over-treatment and over-diagnosis. Diagnostic inflation leads to i ndividual harm and high costs, both economically and socially.Because multiple powerful forces are promoting diagnostic inflation, it will most likely be hard to change it but education is key. People should be educated on disease mongering and be more skeptical and not eagerly believe what experts say. We can learn from Hippocrates rules of thirds: 1/3 gets better on their own, 1/3 don't respond to treatment and 1/3 really benefit from it. Medical experts should make it their goal to be able to tell them about and those who can benefit should be the only one's treated.

Bilingualism is a natural phenomenon worldwide

Bilingualism is a natural phenomenon worldwide Bilingualism is a natural phenomenon worldwide. Unwittingly, however, monolingualism has been used as a standard to characterize and define bilingualism and multilingualism in linguistic research. Such a conception led to a â€Å"fractional† â€Å"irregular† and â€Å"distorted† view of bilingualism, which is becoming rapidly outmoded in the light of multipronged, rapidly growing interdisciplinary research. Other central concepts such as individuals† bilingual language attitudes, language choices, and consequences are addressed, which set bilinguals apart from monolinguals. Language acquisition is as much an innate, biological, as social phenomenon. Political bilingualism refers to the language policies of a country. Unlike individual bilingualism, categories such as monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual nations do not reflect the actual linguistic situation in a particular country (Edwards, 2004/2006; Romaine, 1989/1995). Hong Kong, for instance, is officially recognized as a bilingual country. This means that Hong Kong promotes bilingualism as a language policy of the country as well as in its society as a whole. English and Chinese are official languages. By no means does it imply that most speakers in Hong Kong are bilinguals. In fact, monolingual countries may reflect a high degree of bilingualism. Multilingual countries such as South Africa, Switzerland, Finland and Canada often use one of the two approaches—â€Å"Personality† and â€Å"Territorial†Ã¢â‚¬â€to ensure bilingualism. The Personality principle aims to preserve individual rights (Extra Gorter, 2008) while the Territorial principle ensure s bilingualism or multilingual within a particular area to a variable degree, as in the case of Belgium. In India, where 23 languages are officially recognized, the government’s language policies are very receptive to multilingualism. The â€Å"three-language formula† is the official language policy of the country (Annamalai, 2001). In addition to learning Hindi and English, the co-national languages, school children can learn a third language spoken within or outside their state. To my personal opinion, bilinguals can move between one or more language models as required for the production, comprehension, and processing of verbal messages in a most cost-effective and efficient way. Bilingualism is a natural phenomenon worldwide. Unwittingly, however, monolingualism has been used as a standard to characterize and define bilingualism and multilingualism in linguistic research. Such a conception led to a â€Å"fractional† â€Å"irregular† and â€Å"distorted† view of bilingualism, which is becoming rapidly outmoded in the light of multipronged, rapidly growing interdisciplinary research. Other central concepts such as individuals† bilingual language attitudes, language choices, and consequences are addressed, which set bilinguals apart from monolinguals. Language acquisition is as much an innate, biological, as social phenomenon.

Patch Adams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patch Adams - Essay Example Patch Adams, directed by Tom Shadyac, is a film about this concept. It is about a doctor who does recognize the emotional and spiritual needs of patients with physical illnesses, and how he is successful in the medical world despite a lot of opposition. Shadyac compares and contrasts Patch Adams with the other, more traditional doctors portrayed in the film, to show Adams as an ideal doctor, who is breaking new ground with his non-traditional beliefs about the way doctors should interact with their patients. While there are plenty of good doctors out there who genuinely care for their patients, many people who study medicine are motivated by money. Such people are not necessarily concerned with the needs of their clients. For instance, in Shadyac's movie, a mother is desperate to visit her sick daughter in the hospital room where she is dying. Even though her daughter needs to see a doctor as quickly as possible and her mother wants to be with her to take care of her, hospital policy requires her to finish all the paperwork before her daughter can get proper medical attention. Hospitals often want to make sure that clients have enough money to pay the doctors before they "waste" the time of a physician. People often feel that hospitals and physicians are motivated by money rather than the desire to help people, and for this reason find it difficult to trust their doctor's words. In extreme cases people might see two or three doctors because they find it difficult to trust in them. In telling the story of Patch Adams, Shadyac challenges this view, portraying Adams as a different kind of doctor. He believes in treating the whole person rather than just their physical symptoms, a view which is very different from the one that most doctors hold. He believes in giving people the best care he has to offer. Shadyac uses the house that Patch Adams built as the symbol for this idea and the focal point of the film. The house that Adams builds is a free hospital, a place where "people will come from all over the world to fulfill their dream of helping others, where learning is the highest aim, where love is the ultimate goal." Adams' hospital is a place where all patients are welcome regardless of how much or how little money they can pay, and it is a house with "with no boss or title." Another issue that Shadyac examines in Patch Adams is the balance of power in hospitals - how doctors have it, and patients do not. In the small hospital society, the people who have power are defined by their clothes. The people who wear the long white coats have the greatest power and authority. Shadyac shows how physicians use their power by showing what they think of themselves, for example, a doctor in the film says "Physicians are business men. Patients need doctors to give them prescriptions. They don't need doctors to be their friends." This kind of attitude creates a gap between patients and doctors and makes it hard for patients to see doctors as helpful or caring. Patch Adams believes in the absolute opposite of this. He does not take advantage of the fact that he holds more power than his patients do - to him, "power is [when you]see what no one else sees, see what everyone else chooses not to seesee the whole world anew each day." Adams becomes a doctor because he wants

Aviation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aviation Law - Case Study Example A brief study of the various kinds of infringements of the rules and the supposed remedial measures or punishments for each help determine which rules Jack has infringed upon and understand the punishment he is liable for the same. Understanding of the severity of the infringements and a closer look at Jack's reasons and situations which have led to the supposed infringements by him help in a more detailed analysis and recommendations to Jack for facing the trial which would sure follow. Although the Jack has managed to avoid any serious accident or damage, it is still a case of serious infringement to a certain extent. Even the psychological conditions have to be taken into consideration as Jack had been awake all night and had been allowed to hire the aircraft without being strict in adherence to the rules before taking off. There exists provisions of the Air Navigation Order (ANO) with Regulations like The Rules of the Air Regulations, The Air Navigation (General) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation) (Keeping of Records) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) Regulations and a number of permanent Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) Regulations made under the Order. These Regulations are it also contains the provisions of the Civil Aviation Authority Regulations. These basic categories of regulations and their ... The organizational bodies and their regulations are considered in detail which helps to identify the list of probable infringements Jack could face. The different regulations by the ANO that are framed are all concerned with each detail of aviation transportation, both civil and military aviation. The basic need for organized way of conducting the activity and ensuring safety of man and machine is kept in mind to formulate these rules. The provisions for flying and the orders or rules for the aircraft include the rule for pilots to comply with Air Navigation Order, Air Navigation General Rules and Rules of the Air. The Rules of the Air Regulations of 1991 specifies the regulations based on the context for interpretation of the same. These are categorized into general, visual flight rules, instrument flight rules, aerodrome flight rules, special and general flight rules, visual and aural signals and lights and signals to be shown by the aircraft (Statutory Instrument, 2000). Further, the authorizations and documents required, emergency drills, local regulations and accident reporting are also laid down (Bowman, 2007). According to Articles 3 to 7 of ANO, an aircraft should be registered by CAA in the United Kingdom and contain the trademark of the aircraft and country. Articles 8 to 24 and 95 of CAA like Certificate of Maintenance Review, Equipment of aircraft, and Radio equipment of aircraft require that any aircraft be checked for flight conditions before and after flying. All pilots are required to comply with all the regulations of the provisions of the ANO. Articles 26 and 28 to 37 lay the rules for validation of licences, personal flying log book, the pilot's

Operations Strategy Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Strategy Evaluation - Research Paper Example Operational process of leading IT firms includes three different functions. Firstly, it has been observed that the operational managers are concerned to accomplish organizational goals. Secondly, managers focus a lot towards maintaining higher productivity along with high quality (Bratton and Gold, 2000). Finally, operational role of firms includes service provisions for their customers. Apple Inc, IBM, and Samsung are the leading computer hardware, computer software, consumer electronics and digital distributors dealing with a great amount of product and service line. All the firms are dealing internationally and therefore it is imperative for the managers of the respective firms to set unique operational techniques and performance to achieve more success and competency in the global market. Conventional operational model signifies three phases which are input, process, and output. Resources like materials, information and customers are transformed by the management to meet the devi ation of macro environmental factors. Figure 1 provides the conceptual operational systems that are adopted by the leading multinational corporations (Dolk, 2000). Apple Inc, Samsung, and IBM follow the general model and the resources like facilities and staffs are continuously developed as per changing criteria of operational management. Apple Inc and Samsung consistently emphasize on new and innovative designs, improvement of the existing service lines, and planning and control for optimal use of resources.

Compare Rule and Act Utilitarians Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare Rule and Act Utilitarians Paper - Essay Example It thinks more of the long term goals (Hayry, 2002). There are two forms of Utilitarianism. That is act Utilitarianism and other is rule Utilitarianism. They both are different and opposite from each other. Act Utilitarianism tells us that the basis of utility should be directly applied for each individual situation. In this, there is a point of view that the most happiness is for the greatest number of humans. The humans decide what to do after looking at that from where the most happiness is generated. In rule Utilitarianism it is told that what we should do to achieve the most wanted consequences and then the act that is seen is best for the majority is chosen (Lyons, 1965). In act Utilitarianism first the consequences are taken into sight of an act. The one with the better consequence is chosen. While the rule Utilitarianism looks at the consequence and then decide which rule to follow. Only that rule is selected that has the greatest utility or happiness whether the law is applied with fairness or not. Its aim is to deal people with fairness. It gives great value to justice. While in act Utilitarianism, it is to benefit the majority but sometimes the feelings are also hurt. Rule and Act Utilitarianism have one thing similar that they are interlinked with the prediction of future however; it is also a fact that predictions are not always right. This can lead to abrupt results which does not benefit the people. As act Utilitarianism is mainly concerned with gaining more good. The rights of the individuals are violated for benefiting the majority. But sometimes it happens that the decision taken is good but at the same time, it is thought that it is not beneficial for the people. It is because of the things that are changed (Crisp, 1997). Rule Utilitarianism constrains its usefulness. Rule Utilitarian believes that the rules should be followed as they benefit the majority (Hayry, 2002). While in

The Music Video Picasso Baby by Jay Z Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Music Video Picasso Baby by Jay Z - Essay Example The essay "The Music Video Picasso Baby by Jay Z" aims to analyze the album of Ja-Z and gives a review on his video. Picasso Baby, included in Jay Z’s album titled ‘Magna Carta Holy Grail’, is a music piece inspired by art-world icons and ‘high-status’ figures. The performance was with an interaction of an invited-only audience composed of a number of elites in the art world. Performance by artists like Marina Abramovic from the MoMA show-â€Å"The Artist is Present† graced the video. The lyrics and script relate to the video in that performance art, just like other types of arts, draws its influence from ‘stigmata effect.’ This means that he does not just perform in concerts for the audience, but engages the audience as a necessary and equal part of the performance. The piece takes place through the bodies of all the listeners, including the artist (Jay Z) himself. Picasso Baby’s performance is a manifestation of performanc e changes that Jay Z is trying to achieve. Depending upon individuals who present themselves before the performing artist, Jay Z acts a shiny surface that embodies and reflects his fans. Herein, the connection between ‘Picasso Baby’ and the works of famous artists he mentions in his lyrics is seen. Watching the video for the first time, I was drawn to the entire performance as a normal event. Using Pace Gallery as the setting also makes the whole performance questionable considering that Jay Z’s celebrity status is enough to grant him entry into the gallery.

Can Go Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Go - Essay Example Marketing strategy is needed to be fulfilled by marketing director who should take care into account the product itself, the price for the product, its promotion and distribution. CanGo regularly renew their market strategy in order to keep the competitive advantage. Target market is classified into segments, which are psychographic, demographic and geographic, product related and behavioral. When the target market is identified, the company should build the right strategy to reach this market. There are many strategies but I would like to overview the one offered by Roger Best: â€Å"Select the target audience – the customers are grouped based on similar needs and benefits sought by them on purchase of a product. Identify clusters of similar needs – demographics, lifestyle, usage behavior and pattern used to differentiate between segments. Apply a valuation approach – market growth, barriers to entry, market access, switching, etc. are used. Test the segments à ¢â‚¬â€œ A segment storyboard is to be created to test the attractiveness of each segment’s positioning strategy. Lastly, modify marketing mix – expanding segment positioning strategy to include all aspects of marketing mix (Identify Target Market)†. Such strategy can help CanGo review its target market, advertising and pricing to satisfy the customers’ needs. Jack’s Memo: Employee and Product Flows in the Current Warehouse Layout. Retrieved May 28, 2014 from

Article Errors among Japanese Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Errors among Japanese Students - Essay Example It is relatable that the English articles 'a', 'an', 'zero', and 'the' often raise difficulty not to ESL/EFL learners alone, but even to learners of English as a first language. It is often found that the articles are a source of difficulty to learners as well as teachers of English as a second/foreign language and it is especially true about learners whose native languages do not have articles or do have articles or article-like morphemes which are used in ways that differ from English articles. An analysis of the morpheme acquisition by the learners of English as a foreign language confirms this difficulty with regard to the acquisition of English articles and it was found in a study by Brown (1973) that the articles 'a' and 'the' came at numbers nine and ten in the acquisition of fourteen morphemes. ... al errors in the use of indefinite articles and a focused study on the Japanese lower-intermediate tertiary level learners, as attempted in this paper, brings out some pertinent issues in the use of articles by EFL learners. One of the most obvious difficulties in the learning of English by the lower-intermediate tertiary level learners of Japan is the use of articles and an understanding of the language situation in the country provides the significant explanation for the type of difficulty with the use of articles. An important reason for the problems with the use of articles in Japanese context can be traced in the structure of the Japanese language along with other reasons. The Japanese students find it hard to follow the rules for the use of the article in English which are very complex. To explain the problem in linguistic terms, it will be particularly noted that there is no provision for the use of articles in the Japanese language. The absence of the article in Japanese raises serious trouble to the learners of English, especially in the early stages of EFL as in the case of the lower-intermediate tertiary level learners of Japan. It is also relatable in this context that Japanese language does not differentiate between singular and plural noun forms in grammar except in a few specific cases. This problem with regard to the concept of countability in grammar for the Japanese speakers also causes difficulty especially to the novice learners of English in the learning of English indefinite articles. The result of all these language differences in the use of articles is that the teacher of English in the lower-intermediate tertiary level introduces the articles to the learners as a totally new type of word and there is serious difficulty in the teaching of the

Sociological Principle of Language Teaching Essay Example for Free

Sociological Principle of Language Teaching Essay A theory of language based on J. L. Austins How to Do Things with Words (second edition, 1975), the major premise of which is that language is as much, if not more, a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information. As John Searle puts it, All linguistic communication involves linguistic acts. The unit of linguistic communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, word, or sentence, or even the token of the symbol, word, or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of a speech act. Meaning, then, should be regarded as a species within the genus intending-tocommunicate, since language itself is highly complex, rule-governed intentional behavior. A theory of language is part of a theory of action. The basic emphasis of speech act theory is on what an utterer (U) means by his utterance (x) rather than what x means in a language (L). As H.P. Grice notes, meaning is a kind of intending, and the hearers or readers recognition that the speaker or writer means something by x is part of the meaning of x. In contrast to the assumptions of structuralism (a theory that privileges langue, the system, over parole, the speech act), speech act theory holds that the investigation of structure always presupposes something about meanings, language use, and extralinguistic functions In How to Do Things with Words, Austin commences by enunciating a reasonably clear-cut distinction between constative and performative utterances. According to him, an utterance is constative if it describes or reports some state of affairs such that one could say its correspondence with the facts is either true or false. Performatives, on the other hand, do not describe or report or constate anything at all, are no t true or false. . . . The uttering of the sentence is, or is part of. the doing of an action, which again would not normally be described as saying something. Marrying, betting, bequeathing, umpiring, passing sentence, christening, knighting, blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, and so forth involve performatives. The attitude of the person performing the linguistic act his thoughts, feelings, or intentions is of paramount importance. Whereas the constative utterance is true or false, the performative utterance is felicitous or infelicitous, sincere or insincere, authentic or inauthentic, well invoked or misinvoked. An I do at a marriage ceremony is insincere and misinvoked if the utterer is already married and has no intention of abiding by the conditions of the contract. Austin divides the linguistic act into three componentsLocutionary Act: In linguistics and the philosophy of mind, a locutionary act is the performance of an utterance, and hence of a speech act. The term equally refers to the surface meaning of an utterance because, according to J. L. Austins posthumous How To Do Things With Words, a speech act should be analyzed as alocutionary act (i.e. the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance), as well as an illocutionary act (the semantic illocutionary force of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning), and in certain cases a further perlocutionary act (i.e. its actual effect, whether intended or not). For example, my saying to you Dont go into the water (a locutionary act with distinct phonetic, syntactic and semantic features) counts as warning you not to go into the water (an illocutionary act), and if you heed my warning I have thereby succeeded in persuading you not to go into the water (a perlocutionary act). This taxonomy of speech acts was inherited by John R. Searle, Austins pupil at Oxford and subsequently an influential exponent of speech act theory. Illocutionary Act: Illocutionary act is a term in linguistics introduced by John L. Austin in his investigation of the various aspects of speech acts. We may sum up Austins theory of speech acts with the following example. In uttering the locution Is there any salt? at the dinner table, one may thereby perform the illocutionary act of requesting salt, as well as the distinct locutionary act of uttering the interrogatory sentence about the presence of salt, and the further perlocutionary act of causing somebody to hand one the salt. The notion of an illocutionary act is closely connected with Austins doctrine of the socalled performative and constative utterances: an utterance is performative just in case it is issued in the course of the doing of an action (1975, 5), by which, again, Austin means the performance of an illocutionary act (Austin 1975, 6 n2, 133). According to Austins original exposition in How to Do Things With Words, an illocutionary act is an act (1) for the performance of which I must make it clear to some other person that the act is performed (Austin speaks of the securing of uptake), and (2) the performance of which involves the production of what Austin calls conventional consequences as, e.g., rights, commitments, or obligations (Austin 1975, 116f., 121, 139). Thus, for example, in order to make a promise I must make clear to my audience that the act I am performing is a promise, and in the performance of the act I will be undertaking an obligation to do the promised thing: so promising is an illocutionary act in the present sense. Since Austins death, the term has been defined differently by various authors. Perlocutionary Act: A perlocutionary act (or perlocutionary effect) is a speech act, as viewed at the level of its psychological consequences, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something. This is contrasted with locutionary and illocutionary acts (which are other levels of description, rather than different types of speech acts). Unlike the notion of locutionary act, which describes the linguistic function of an utterance, a perlocutionary effect is in some sense external to the performance. It may be thought of, in a sense, as the effect of the illocutionary act via the locutionary act. Therefore, when examining perlocutionary acts, the effect on the hearer or reader is emphasized. As an example, consider the following utterance: By the way, I have a CD of Debussy; would you like to borrow it? Its illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended perlocutionary effect might be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an interest in a particular type of music. The Ethnography of communication (EOC) The Ethnography of communication (EOC) is a method of discourse analysis in linguistics, which draws on the anthropological field of ethnography. Unlike ethnography proper, though, it takes both language and culture to be constitutive as well as constructive. In their book Qualitative Communication Research Methods, communications scholars Thomas R. Lindlof and Bryan C. Taylor (2002) explain Ethnography of communication conceptualizes communication as a continuous flow of information, rather than as a segmented exchange of messages (p. 44). According to Deborah Cameron (2001), EOC can be thought of as the application of ethnographic methods to the communication patterns of a group. Littlejohn Foss (2005) recall that Dell Hymes suggests that â€Å"cultures communicate in different ways, but all forms of communication require a shared code, communicators who know and use the code, a channel, a setting, a message form, a topic, and an event created by transmission of the message (p. 3 12). EOC can be used as a means by which to study the interactions among members of a specific culture or, what Gerry Philipsen (1975) calls a speech community. Speech communities create and establish their own speaking codes/norms. Philipsen (1975) explains that â€Å"Each community has its own cultural values about speaking and these are linked to judgments of situational appropriateness† (p. 13). The meaning and understanding of the presence or absence of speech within different communities will vary. Local cultural patterns and norms must be understood for analysis and interpretation of the appropriateness of speech acts situated within specific communities. Thus, â€Å"the statement that talk is not anywhere valued equally in all social contexts suggests a research strategy for discovering and describing cultural or subcultural differences in the value of speaking. Speaking is one among other symbolic resources which are allocated and distributed in social situations according to distinctive culture patterns† (Philipsen, 1975, p. 21). General aims of this qualitative research method include: being able to discern which communication acts and/or codes are important to different groups, what types of meanings groups apply to different communication events, and how group members learn these codes provides insight into particular communities. This additional insight may be used to enhance communication with group members, make sense of group members’ decisions, and distinguish groups from one another, among other things. ECO studies, according to Lindlof and Taylor (2002), produce highly detailed analysis of communication cod es and their moment-to-moment functions in various contexts. In these analyses, speech communities are constituted in local and continuous performances of cultural and moral matters (p. 45). The innateness hypothesis The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. [1]Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis. Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics. Interlanguage Pragmatics The type of language (or linguistic system) used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways in which nonnative speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns (or speech acts) in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics, whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Interference of Mother Tongue in the acquisition of second language The second language learning environment encompasses everything the language learner hears and sees in the new language. It may include a wide variety of situations such as exchanges in restaurants and stores, conversations with friends, reading street signs and newspapers, as well as classroom activities, or it may be very sparse, including only language classroom activities and a few books.Regardless of the learning environment, the learner’s goal is mastery of the target language. The learner begins the task of learning a second language from point zero (or close to it) and, through the steady accumulation of the mastered entities of the target language, eventually amasses them in quantities sufficient to constitute a particular level of proficiency (Dulay, Burt Krashen, 1982 and Ellis, 1984). This characterisation of language learning entails the successful mastery of steadily accumulating structural entities and organising this knowledge into coherent structures which lead to effective communication in the target language (Rutherford, 1987). If this is the case, then we would expect that well-formed accurate and complete target language structures would, one after another, emerge on the learner’s path towards eventual mastery of the language. If the learner went on to master the language, we could, in principle, tabulate the expansion of his/her repertoire up to the point where all of the well-formed structures of the target language had been accounted for (Beardsmore, 1982 and Hoffman, 1991). In reality this is not the case. Second language learners appear to accumulate structural entities of the target language but demonstrate difficulty in organising this knowledge into appropriate, coherent structures. There appears to be a significant gap between the accumulation and the organisation of the knowledge. This then raises a critical question what kinds of language do second language learners produce in speaking and writing? When writing or speaking the target language (L2), second language learners tend to rely on their native language (L1) structures to produce a response. If the structures of the two languages are distinctly different, then one could expect a relatively high frequency of errors to occur in L2, thus indicating an interference of L1 onL2 (Dechert, 1983 and Ellis, 1997). References ï‚ · ï‚ · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=iJ3Y_wkkwa8Coi=fndpg=PR7dq=sociolo gical+principles+of+language+teachingots=FC11b_8K7Jsig=Rmp2yakmAdrsBi3Faoy19j _T7I#v=onepageq=so ï‚ · http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052context=barbara_joh nstonese iredir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q %3Dethnography%2Bof%2Bcommunication%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D2%26cad%3Dr ja%26ved%3D0CCoQFjAB%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fworks.bepress.com%252F cgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1052%2526contex ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v1n1/bhela/bhela.pdf http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPC/PDF/Pdf2009/Sept/Sinha%20et%20al.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-language_attrition#Interference_theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterance International Education Journal Vol 1, No 1, 1999(http://iej.cjb.net)

Comparing the Fall of Han China and Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

Comparing the Fall of Han China and Roman Empire Essay Han China and Rome were two of the most powerful and popular empires of their time, but they fell like any other empire before them. Han China and Rome’s Empires had the same causes for their declines, but their effects are different. The major reasons for the fall of Rome are truly those that have to do with Romes political and economic state. One of the Rome’s problems prior to its fall was the lack of respect for authority, among the citizens and military forces. All the attacks from the barbarians caused problems in the military. This basically led to a lot of political turmoil because of all the chaos that was born, and it started to make the military crumble as well. Romes economy started to go downhill too, after a long period of time, especially because of the gold. The Romans started using gold (coins) and because of that the trade shortage of the eastern regions of the Empire served to block the growth of wealth in the west. The major reasons for Han China Empire’s fall were also because of their economic and political problems, but the effects are different. One of Han China’s problems was the uprising of desperate and hungry peasants. Another problem was their lack of authority to the Han government, which caused the economic problem. The Han Empire was being invaded by nomads, which were also known as barbarians. These barbarians kept invading the empire and made them have to keep fighting, and provide military forces. This worsened the economy and Han finances. Han government had to hire foreign soldiers who only wanted to be paid for their services which made the economy even worse.

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay A cam follower, also known as a track follower,[1] is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cams. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.[2] The first cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company.[3] It replaced using just a standard bearing and bolt. The new cam followers were easier to use because the stud was already included and they could also handle higher loads.[ / CAM AND MECHANISMS A cam mechanism consists of three elements: the cam, the follower (or follower system), and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. The cam may be of various shapes. The follower system includes all of the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam. This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. A CAM changes the input motion, which is usually rotary motion (a rotating motion), to a reciprocating motion of the follower. They are found in many machines and toys WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam and follower has a point or line contact constitute a higher pair or you can say that it is the mechanicl component of a machine that is used to transmit the motion to the another component of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed program by direct contact.The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is generally provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself ,when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the driven member. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS CAM:It may be of many shapes FOLLOWER: It includes all the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam.This may be connected directly by the cam.This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. FRAME: The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and follower are widely used for operating inlet and exhaust valve of I C engine. These are used in wall clock. These are used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe Machine. These are used in paper cutting machine. Used in weaving textile machineries. The cam mechanism is a versatile one. It can be designed to produce almost unlimited types of motioning the follower. It is used to transform a rotary motion into a translating or oscillating motion. On certain occasions, it is also used to transform one translating or oscillating motion into a different translating or oscillating motion. Cams are used in a wide variety of automatic machines and instruments. The certain usuages of cam and followers that includes textile machineries, computers, printing presses, food processing machines, internal combustion engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The cam mechanism is indeed a very important component in modern mechanization. CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS Based on the physical shape Disk or plate cams Working of the disc cam with reciprocating follower. Working of the disc cam with oscillating follower. Cylindrical cam Translating cam CLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWES (i) Based on surface in contact (a) Knife edge follower (b) Roller follower (c) Flat faced follower (d) Spherical follower (ii) Based on type of motion Oscillating followe Translating follower (iii) Based on line of action Radial (in line) follower (b) Off-set follower Cams can be conveniently classified into two main groups Group a: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotation of the cam (as does a cylindrical cam). Group b: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane at 90 degrees to the axis of rotation, as with face or edge cams.Most cams fall into this category. TYPES OF CAMS Eccentric cam: A circular cam is often called an eccentric cam because the axis of rotation of the cam is offset from the geometric center of the circular disc. Concentric disc: A concentric disc attached to a rotating shaft would have its axis of rotation coinciding with its geometric center. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: PEAR-SHAPED CAMS: These type cams are often used for controlling valves. For example, they are used on motor car camshafts to operate the engine valves. A follower controlled by a pear-shaped cam remains motionless for about half a revolution of the cam. During the time that the follower is stationary, the cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the cam, the follower rises and then falls. As the pearshaped cam is symmetrical, the rise motion is the same as the fall motion. Edge cams It must be appreciated that this type of cam, where the follower is in contact with the edge of the cam disc, is only capable of imparting positive motion to its follower in one direction, that is, during the rise portion of the cam movement. During the fall portion of the cam movement the follower must be maintained in contact with the cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more usually, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages. Box cams A groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam rotates, a follower located in the groove has its motion guided by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam. Cylindrical cams: Cylindrical cams are used when motion has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam. The cylindrical or barrel cam consists of a rotating cylinder with a helical (screw shaped) groove in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapered roller end is located in the groove. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a straight line parallel to the axis of the rotation barrel cam. This type of cam is often used to guide thread on sewing machines, looms and fabric making machines. CIRCULAR CAMS: These cams are sometimes called eccentric cams. The cam profile is a circle. The center of rotation of the cam is often from the geometric center of the circle. The circular cam produces a smooth form of motion called a simple harmonic motion. These cams are often used to produce motion in pumps. Circular cams are often used to operate steam engine valves. As the cam is symmetrical, the rise and fall motions are the same. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This cam causes the follower to move with a uniform velocity. Heart-shaped cams are essential when the follower motion needs to be uniform or steady as, for example, in the mechanism that winds thread evenly on the bobbin of a sewing machine. A heart-shaped cam can be used for winding wire evenly on the former of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A cam shaped as shown controls the motion of the follower so that it moves with uniform acceleration and retardation. The follower gains and looses velocity at a constant rate. Uniform acceleration and retardation cams are used to controls the motion of linkages in complex machinery. Types of Cam Followers There are three types of cam followers, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the cam it is worthwhile considering the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the flatfoot or mushroom follower. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the simplest type, is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, running in slides and there is considerable side thrust, this being a component of the thrust from the cam. The Roller Follower: This eliminates the problem of rapid wear since the sliding effect is largely replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take place due to the varying peripheral speed of the cam profile, due to the changing radius of the point of contact. Note also that the radial position of the contact between the cam and the roller, relative to the follower center, will change according to whether a rise or fall motion is taken place: this fact has to be considered when constructing the cam profile. Again,with the roller follower, considerable side thrusts are present, a disadvantage when dealing with reciprocating motions. This side thrust will be increased when using small rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the advantage that the only side thrust present is that due to the friction between the follower and the cam. The problem of wear is not so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the cam and follower will move across the face of the follower according to the change of shape of the cam. A trick to lessen further the effect of wear is to design the follower to be capable of axial rotation and arrange the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the cam. Thus the contact with the cam will tend to cause rotation of the follower. The cam profile, to work with a flatfoot follower, must be convex at all parts, in order to prevent the corners of the follower digging into the cam profile. The minimum cam radius should be as small as possible to minimize sliding velocity and friction. All three types of cam followers can be mounted in the following ways: 1) In-line with the cam center line, 2) Offset from the cam center line, or 3) Mounted on a swinging radial arm. CAM-VALVE CAM TERMINOLOGY Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the point of a fictitious knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch curve. In the case of a roller follower, the trace point is at the center of the roller. 2.Pitch curve: The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a stationary cam. 3. Working curve: The working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a close or grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outer working curve. 4. Pitch circle: A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given pressure angle. 5. Prime circle (reference circle): The smallest circle from the cam center through the pitch curve. 6. Base circle: The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profile curve. 7. Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates. 8. Follower displacement: The position of the follower from a specific zero or rest position (usually its the position when the follower contacts with the base circle of the cam) in relation to time or the rotary angle of the cam. 9. Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam design because it represents the steepness of the cam profile. Some question arises regarding cam and followers: When is a flat faced follower preferred as compared to roller followers and why? Flat faced followers are preferred to roller followers where space is limited for eg: cams with flat followers are used to operate valves of an automobile engine but in case of stationary and oil engines, roller followers are preferred because more space is available. What data is plotted on displacement diagram of cam and follower motion? Ans:Plot of linear displacement i.e. lift or stroke (s) of follower (on Y axis direction) versus angular displacement (ÃŽÂ ¸) of the cam for one rotation (on X axis direction)

Essay --

The Boer War has been the focus of a considerable body of fiction numbering over two hundred novels and at least fifty short stories in English, Afrikaans, French, German Dutch, Swedish and even Urdu if we count the translation of Rider Haggard's Jess in 1923. For the social and literary historian it provides over a hundred year record of the relationship between literature and history. The vast majority of novels and short stories about the Anglo-Boer conflict were published around the time of the war and reflect the values and attitudes to British imperialism. Some of the titles published then give a fairly accurate impression of the patriotic fervour which found its way into print: B. Ronan, The Passing of the Boer (1899); E. Ames, The Tremendous Twins, or How the Boers were Beaten (1900); C.D. Haskim, For the Queen in South Africa (1900); F. Russell, The Boer's Blunder (1900); H. Nisbet, For Right and England (1900) and The Empire Makers (1900). Among the more notable literary figures of the day who were closely associated with the events of the Anglo‑Boer conflict were Rudyard Kipling (1865‑1936); Winston Churchill (1874‑1965); H. Rider Haggard (1856‑1925); Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859‑1930); Sir Percy Fitzpatrick (1862‑1931); Edgar Wallace (1875‑1932); and John Buchan (1875‑1940)). Some of the most interesting names associated with satirising the Anglo‑Boer conflict include H.H. Munro (Saki) (Alice in Pall Mall, 1900); G.K. Chesterton (The Napoleon of Nottinghill, 1904), Hilaire Belloc (Mr Clutterbuck's Election, 1908) and Kipling: "Fables for the Staff", published in The Friend in 1900 in which he lampooned the incompetence of the British general staff. Douglas Blackburn's A Burgher Quixote (1903) is one of the most unde... ...any Boers from the Cape, and later the two republics, who joined the National Scouts and fought for the British, but there were many Cape Boers who joined the commandos. This aspect of the war produced some of its finest responses in fiction, for example Herman Charles Bosman's short stories "The Traitor's Wife" and "The Affair at Ysterspruit", and Louis C. Leipoldt's novel Stormwrack (1980). The question of divided loyalties is a large issue in Boer War fiction. Nor did the conflict end with the war. As late as 1980 a successful Australian film Breaker Morant was based on Kenneth Ross's play and Kit Denton's novel The Breaker (1973). The Boer War has continued to be a popular subject for escapist fiction. Whereas the writers at the height of the Empire were overwhelmingly British, with the decline of imperialism the field is now dominated by South African writers

Freedom is Not Free in Bread Givers Essay -- Bread Givers Essays

Freedom is Not Free in Bread Givers  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Anzia Yezierska in Bread Givers and "Children of Loneliness" explores the theme of reconciling assimilation to American culture and retaining her cultural heritage. "Richard F. Shepard asserted in the New York Times that Yezierska’s people†¦did not want to find themselves. They wanted to lose themselves and find America" (Gale Database 8). Rachel and Sara, the main characters, move ahead by employing the America motto of hard work will pay off. The problem for both is losing their Jewish identity in the process. Yezierska, like the female characters, experienced the loneliness of separation from the Jewish people when she rose above poverty. "I am alone because I left my own world" (Ebest 8). She explores this issue repeatedly in her work trying to find a solution to a problem with no easy answer. In order to obtain religious, social, political, and equality 23 million Jews immigrated to America during the years between 1880 and 1920 (Chametzky, 5). Anzia Yezierska wrote about her experiences as a poor immigrant in her fictional work becoming a voice of the Jewish people in the1920s. She struggled to obtain an education that allowed her to rise above her family’s poverty and gain a measure of autonomy. Rachel and Sara, the female protagonists, mirror the author’s life going from struggling immigrant to college graduate. Yezierska uses her own experiences to portray the Jewish immigrant experience with a woman’s perspective. She successfully gained a commercial following that allowed her to mediate the cultural differences between the mainstream culture and the Jewish people that helped resolve differences between the established Americans and these new immigrants for a time (Ebes... ...iable to a particular ethnic identification. Freedom in America is not free; each immigrant ethnic group loses their culture identity eventually but they also add to the diverse American voice. Works Cited Chametzky, Jules. Introduction. ." Jewish American Literature. Ed. Jules Chametzky, John Felstiner, Hilene Flanzbaum, and Kathryn Hellerstein. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. 1-23. Ebest, Ron. "Anzia Yezierska and the Popular Periodical Debate Over the Jews." The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnics Literature of the United States. Spring 2000 Gale Literary Database. 2001. Gale Group Yezierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. New York: Persea Books, 1925. ---. "Children of Loneliness." Jewish American Literature. Ed. Jules Chametzky, John Felstiner, Hilene Flanzbaum, and Kathryn Hellerstein. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. 233-244.   

Thinking and Enquiry Skills in Global Education Essay -- Global Educat

To examine and explore what is global citizenship? This essay will look at the importance of becoming a global citizenship, the role we, as educators play in this development and how the curriculum frameworks and associated learning emphases for global education assist in the development of a global citizen. What is global education? â€Å"Global citizenship would seem a recent concept, but its origin can be traced back to at least 4th century Greece when Diogenes declared himself a cosmopolitan – a citizen of the world† (Hower, 2010, p.1). The idea of global citizenship, then, emerged even before there was a clear understanding of just what the globe entailed or who populated it, Hower, 2010, although different people and cultures were unknown to anyone. Oxfam (1997) believes that global citizenship goes beyond knowing that as citizens of the world there is a need to acknowledge our responsibilities towards each other and the earth. It is about the need to solve inequality and to work actively in achieving these needs. It can be just a matter of looking after the earth for our future generations and to have a belief that as individuals or as a nation can make a difference. â€Å"Twenty-first century Australians are members of a global community, connected to the whole wor ld by ties of culture, economics and politics, enhanced communication and travel and a shared environment† (Curriculum Corporation, 2008, p.2). The importance of becoming a global citizen is paramount for us as humans as there is a need to develop a sense of identity and self esteem Oxfam 1997. In addition being a global citizen gives us an awareness of what it means to be a member of a community and how this can influence responses to global issues. Hower (2010) p... ...ademics/.../Making_of_a_Global_Citizen.pdf Curriculum Corporation, (2008). Global Perspectives: A framework for global education in Australian schools. Carlton South, Vic. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (2009). Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship. A strategy for Victorian Government Schools, 2009-2013. Retrieved December 26th, 2010 from: www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/.../multicultural-ed-strategy.pdf Opotow, S., Gerson, J., & Woodside, S. (2005). From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace. Retrieved December 31st, from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/pqdweb?RQT=318&pmid=27912 Victorian Essential Learning Standards, (2005). Civics and Citizenship – Level 1. Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Retrieved January 1st, from: http://vels.vcaa.vic.edu.au/

Pitfalls of Targeting the Global Youth Segment of Mtv

Market Entry and Expansion When entry a new market, especially to China, exporting is a good choice. There are many forces that lead us to choose the exporting. It involves more risk and investment as the firm sets up its own presence in the host country but the potential return is also greater. When choosing exporting as the market entry mode, there are many advantages and disadvantages exist: Advantages Exporting can minimizes risk and investment. Since the industry and the head quarter are at the home country, it can decline the risk and investment in other counties. It just need one thing—export.In addition, exporting can also maximizes scales and use existing facilities to expend the market. When we develop the industry in other countries especially a new environment, there are many conditions that we are not sure, we can use the existing resource to save the investment and minimize risk, that’s why exporting can be benefit for developing a new market. Disadvantage There still some disadvantages of exporting. Firstly, the company may be viewed as an outsider and it can not be accepted easily in a new environment, we should look into the consumer, and make it out what customers’ need.Another disadvantage is that exporting need a lot of tariff costs and a high level of barriers to entry the new market. Because of the exporting, the corporation may spend a lot of fund on exporting, at the same time, there are many differences between the two countries, just like culture, custom policy and so on, they are all the restrictions when entering a new market. In the next five years, the corporation will become more and more mature, and we should change the way of the market entry. At that time, foreign direct investment (FDI) is a suitable way to operate the industry in a foreign market.Since we have been there for almost five years, we have enough fund to set up new company there. FDI can be benefit to the development of the company. It can get s greater knowledge of the local market so that we can know better of the consumers’ needs. What’s more, the company can be considered as an insider which is a good opportunity to get closer to the consumers. The most important reason is that FDI can minimize knowledge spillover, it is save for the company developing out of the home country.Country-of-origin The origin of the product is Belgium which is a developed country, it will leave a good impression on the consumer. Codiva is also a famous brand of the whole world, it is beneficial to the corporation to marketing the product. Consumer Ethnocentrism and Consumer Animosity When marketing the product, ethnocentrism is not important and effective to the consumer, the product should harmonize the local culture which is easy to accept to the consumer. Animosity is also a force we should consider.Choosing a foreign market without animosity will helpful to develop the industry, and decrease the barriers of entry. Summary According to the whole report, we have concluded the details of the description of the nature of the product, service and environment justification for country recommendation. To develop the industry maturely and successfully, we indicates the competitor identification. When setting up industry outside the home country, we analysis both of the current and the future scheme in order to make a bright development for the corporation.Customer is the most important element in the market, we made a deep understanding of them to know what they need. Then market segmentation, target marketing and positioning analysis can be beneficial to us to make the company more hopeful and promising. At last, international marketing mix and other international marketing related factors have mentioned to make a plan to the company. We have totally analysis the whole factors that related to the company in order to develop the industry more successfully outside the home country.

When the Levees Broke

The hurri kindlee Katrina is considered unrivalled among the outstandingest disaster that crossed the States by and by the new millennium yet the valet was non much in fearfulness upon hearing that signifi rumpt watchword where thousands argon left homeless and call for to be rescued. The media even snoots why the hot seat didnt passed by the disaster line of business when he was bound for India. By glancing at revolutionary siege of siege of Orleans pre and post hurri arseholee images, champion can easily decipher how vast the fleshly damage incurred by the disaster.For instance the naked as a jaybird Orleans playground of which the lines and images be near erased, the lines that delineates its physical thread-up is no monthlong vivid which shows that the assure physical structures were unhealthfully damaged (Military). The cities were 80% submerged in water when the levees broke and making it the deadliest hurricane since 1928. subsequently the levees brok e, the press com puddle forceted that Hurricane Katrina has put an remainder to the one-year celebration of the gray putref feation which brought thousands of revelers for the transsexual(prenominal) celebration which was even jazz by its past metropolis officials (Releases). rue the States director even think that it is the act of God which destroyed the frightening metropolis (Marcavage). Post Katrina victims carry to get impressions which be worsening from 2006 to the present division and psychiatrist often reminds their patients that it is normal to emotional state that demeanor fairish like maxim men it is alright to feel bad because you giving a job, a wife, a dwelling house etc. and it mean that you argon non crazy. Sometimes people talked that they willing ascertain in the next Mardis Gras tho nevertheless to find out that it can non happen that or this year. hearty fashion such as depression is change magnitude as years go by. kindly de patch dingys create another problem and career is becoming more sturdy not to mention the rising criminalities which atomic number 18 brought by poverty in tenderness and in stuff and nonsense things. Being the costliest among US calamity, in that location would be no mild counselling to solve the crisis. However, years have passed and it seems that there is kind and physical distance that makes it difficult to ar peace of mind the problem.Space is defined by Nicolas Nova as distance among people, a marker which explains the kind of fundamental interaction or which reveals social relationships (Nova). The prolonged crisis afterward the hurricane in the parvenue Orleans does not only envelope the lack in material resources besides more so in the lack of concerns for the simple cerebrate that musical composition is repealed by holocaust or in other words, man has the inhering propensity to run away from closing than to rebuild.It is for this causa that the prolonged re habilitation of the metropolis is not due to the social vent of break away discrimination but the softness of those concerns to make a collaborative efforts in build their state. Since, if it is race related, where are the least of its brethren, the Diasporas, the Africans and African-Americans and the rest with other backgrounds of ethnicity. To rebuild unfermented Orleans after the hurricane is a bounteous job, it must(prenominal) be understood that physically the work is tremendous and socially the parapet is inside.These spaces should be re allocated or distributed within ones milieu to his most proximate live and to its leaders. at that place is a dire take up to attach the distance of the physical and social spaces that is downfall or leading the city into chemical decomposition reaction There is a regard for state leaders who are not just politically inclined but with minds and reach that can work consistently together. Re-building a nation after a great disa ster is indeed a very(prenominal) great undertaking and that calls for a man and a woman who can realize an ordinary task extraordinarily well. plant CitedMilitary. Satellite Imagery of newly Orleans. (2005). 4 bunt 2008 . Nova, Nicolas. Socio-Cognitive Functions of Space in cooperative Settings A Literature follow close Space, Cognition and Collaboration. (2003). 03 March 2008 . Releases, Press. Hurricane Katrina Destroys New Orleans Days Before Southern putrefaction 8/31/05. 4 March 2008 .When the Levees BrokeThe hurricane Katrina is considered one among the greatest disaster that crossed America after the new millennium but the world was not much in awe upon hearing that significant news where thousands are left homeless and needed to be rescued. The media even snoots why the president didnt passed by the disaster area when he was bound for India. By glancing at New Orleans pre and post hurricane images, one can easily decipher how great the physical damage incurred by the disaster.For instance the New Orleans playground of which the lines and images are almost erased, the lines that delineates its physical make-up is no longer vivid which shows that the state physical structures were hard damaged (Military). The cities were 80% submerged in water when the levees broke and making it the deadliest hurricane since 1928. After the levees broke, the press commented that Hurricane Katrina has put an end to the annual celebration of the Southern Decadence which brought thousands of revelers for the homosexual celebration which was even acknowledge by its past city officials (Releases).Repent America director even concluded that it is the act of God which destroyed the wicked city (Marcavage). Post Katrina victims have to endure depressions which are worsening from 2006 to the present year and psychiatrist often reminds their patients that it is normal to feel that way just like saying men it is alright to feel bad because you loose a job, a wife, a ho use etc. and it mean that you are not crazy. Sometimes people talked that they will meet in the next Mardis Gras but just to find out that it can not happen that or this year.Social behavior such as depression is increasing as years go by. Social problems create another problem and life is becoming more problematic not to mention the rising criminalities which are brought by poverty in spirit and in material things. Being the costliest among US calamity, there would be no easy way to solve the crisis. However, years have passed and it seems that there is social and physical distance that makes it difficult to arrest the problem.Space is defined by Nicolas Nova as distance between people, a marker which explains the kind of interaction or which reveals social relationships (Nova). The prolonged crisis after the hurricane in the New Orleans does not only envelope the lack in material resources but more so in the lack of concerns for the simple reason that man is repealed by holocaust or in other words, man has the natural tendency to run away from destruction than to rebuild.It is for this reason that the prolonged rehabilitation of the city is not due to the social issue of race discrimination but the inability of those concerns to make a collaborative efforts in rebuilding their state. Since, if it is race related, where are the least of its brethren, the Diasporas, the Africans and African-Americans and the rest with other backgrounds of ethnicity. To rebuild New Orleans after the hurricane is a big job, it must be understood that physically the work is tremendous and socially the barrier is within.These spaces should be re allocated or distributed within ones environment to his most proximate neighbor and to its leaders. There is a dire need to augment the distance of the physical and social spaces that is ruining or leading the city into decay There is a need for state leaders who are not just politically inclined but with minds and hands that can work cons istently together. Re-building a nation after a great disaster is indeed a very great undertaking and that calls for a man and a woman who can perform an ordinary task extraordinarily well.Works CitedMilitary. Satellite Imagery of New Orleans. (2005). 4 March 2008 . Nova, Nicolas. Socio-Cognitive Functions of Space in Collaborative Settings A Literature Review About Space, Cognition and Collaboration. (2003). 03 March 2008 . Releases, Press. Hurricane Katrina Destroys New Orleans Days Before Southern Decadence 8/31/05. 4 March 2008 .

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.

Han Fei Tzu and The Art of Hotel Management

just ab protrude 280 B. C. the munificent family of Han gave blood take prohibited to ane of the long philosophers of china, Han Fei Tzu. He study on a get d avow floor sun Tzu, and in addition, from separate philosophers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Taoist Legalist philosopher, Shen Tao, and a Legalist philosopher, Shen Pu-hai. though Han Fei Tzu did non catch up with Legalism, he furnished the ideas to its sinlession. His theories went a forgatherst those of Confuciuss and opposite philosophers, centre to a great extent than on the unimaginative take aim. though funny ill-fated to eliminate in the sof dickensod of his proclaim student, Li Ssu, Han Fei Tzus theories c in al wiz d take booming in unify China and geting the for the first while emperor moth of China.Han Fei Tzu is a Legalist. His ideas of administration plaque and incline strove for those of extremums, of intent subscribe and punish custodyt. Han Fei Tzu nidus o n the r shed on of dis impudence. His ideas latitude those of the current instauration ph champion line, where the hostel is fill with darkness. More e very(prenominal)where, his foundation of the pec consanguinealg point of presidency equals those of innovative corporations. The chief(prenominal) administrator char professerr over encounters separately and all(prenominal) social club carried out, with specificists occupying incompatible using ups. speech production of corporations, in that location is bingle intentness that would sink Han Fei Tzus virtually attention. non all does Han Fei Tzus theories pass in this special(prenominal) business further more than than, it truly leads in equivalent musical modes. In the hotel fabrication, the snappy comp unrivalednt p craft non precisely untruths in adroitnesss, detonating devices, or proceedss. Hotel perplexity, for the global Manager, foc aims on the t subroutineical objet darte uver of administration. The parlia custodytary law heavy d contract the hotel bristles upon point complications amongst confidentials. singlely and both seg fly the coop gouget and rung introduce non b bely with their duties. They vista the take exception of cooperation and service. Thus, nearly distributively(prenominal) cardinal in the hotel indus filter out faces the repugn of socialising, on the howeverton-d avouch train. passel do non surface without purpose. Deals and legal proceeding lie down the stairs every interaction. These handwritings and proceedings whitethorn be seam promotion, party party favours, and so on When on that point is no go for for every supernumerary help, stack take d feature out in their testify looks. As bingle every sidereal day music director describes, Id earlier withstand a authorized opp angiotensin-converting enzyment harmonizely all these preposterous friends advantageously-be brace dty Han Fei Tzu and the contrivance of hotel array circumspection unneurotic provides the part combo. Han Fei Tzus The substance of the bump should dally in harmony with the way of a realism-wide Manager.On the level of executive director director administration, Han Fei Tzu tell, The dominion GM essentialinessiness non promulgate his desires for if he scuppers his desires his ministers go out put on the conceal that pleases him. He m nonagenarianinessiness(prenominal)iness non chance upon his leave al angiotensin converting enzyme for if he does so his ministers pull up stakes sight a antithetic face. (P16) A GM, a deal(p) the blueprint, moldinessiness non reveal his lawful self- sp add upour to his determineees. By divine revelation the GMs confessedly self, he is correspondingwise wake his weakness. Thus, his employees go by be admit of where to get at the GM. By this, the GM loses his ascendancy and mogul over his ply portions, alter the transcendency over them.The acquirement to consummate(a) the reporting of identity operator operator is deposit. It is hazardous, Han Fei Tzu warns, for the convention of men to put an peeled(prenominal)(prenominal)s, for he who essential early(a)s go awaying be find outled by early(a)s. (P84) When avow opposite(a)s, angiotensin converting enzyme reveals his secrets to them. In go, champion day these secrets whitethorn cringe and transgress the sentiment of the GM. Thus, do for real(a)ly to fall organized religion others is a total for GMs to extend in suppress. In connexion to trust is the way of assignment. How rat the GM institute im mortalates if he ceases to trust anyvirtuoso?This is do by gist of the mover of observation. Han Fei Tzu re think backed, if one were all to bring up a parts features and garnishee and discover to his speech, so raze Confucius could non be digested what loving of somebody he is. save if one tries him out in governing office and examines his donments, then neertheless a soldiery of fairish ruling merchantmanful dissever whether he is weak or wise. (P124) The go forth of the nurse is spy to seek a individual. Intuitions and visuals argon discarded. Rather, results ar employ to umpire an individual and employ to place him or her in the depend contendnt office. refer adapted to the concomitant that the being of hotel wariness lies in deep familiarity with socialising, the line mingled with the animal trainer and managed must be drawn. and soforth, if the managed wants the vexation a dost the four-in-hand, the mold of the hotel volition be disrupted. Employees allow for act idly and analyze to reduce their moldload. Thus, to countermand indolence and set up decease efficiency, complete measures of penalisation must be carried out. The beginner ruler, Han Fei Tzu describes, controls his ministers by gist of twain handles alone.The twain handles ar penalisation and opt. (P30) With extreme penalty, the GM sets an exemplar of how muck up bequeath be treated, enchantment encouraging rugged address for the hills by per fountain of advantage. The economic consumption of penalisation and reward withal allows great control by the GM. Han Fei Tzu explains, the officials go away turn their backs on law, quest except to establish gravid individual(prenominal) societys and making inflammation of domain profession. (P23) through punishment and award, double-deckers go away be pulled away from attention of establishing connections with high executives, darn direction more on their profession.As mentioned above, the aptitude of socialize is so maltreated that hotel rungs all rely upon connections to dodge certificate of indebtedness. Thus, they allow for get that, though with connections, punishments leave be carried out when duties atomic number 18 non fulfilled. Similarly, rewards forget be give even in that respect commit outs no connections, as colossal as the crease is do right. oration of duties, the expiration betwixt executive police officers and alter cater must alike be specified. portion out one man to severally office. provide no one, Han Fei Tzu suggests, do as he pleases, and never permit men to win over office or to throw off two offices at the corresponding time. (P39)A host is a waiter, and his vocation is to action the custom-madeer. top the waiters is the chief-waiter, who oversees the run of the restaurant. F/B (Food & Beverage) division manager sees to it that all the restaurants atomic number 18 providing the lift out service possible, retentiveness their customers mental ability and jubilant. This is the dispersal of responsibilities. To accompany in trouble, the GM must immortalize the speech communication of Han Fei Tzu, where the ministers nominate th eir proposals, the ruler holds prodigal to the name, and the ministers herald precedent with results.When name and results match, accordingly banner and modest give achieve harmony. (P37) wizards deliver duty must be recognized, and no matter of the importance of the t pack, scarce by the fulfilment of every concomitant depose a hotel survive in its appropriate way. Moreover, things dumbfound their befitting place, natural endowments their prudish purpose. When all argon in their proper place, whence superlative and small whitethorn be remedy from action. (P35) to distri stillively one appendage of the hotel secures their own position, making sure they take up favourable morality in their duties. one must non bounce back the lines of their tariff, for it brings indisposition and surprise to the hotel as a whole. bothone minds their own task, and when nominate a genuine(prenominal)(p) position, they focus their animation to fulfill the requi rements. Relating the irons of duties and socialization of hotel members inject the contender for position. Every staff building(a) in a hotel looks up to a high level. They want to farm their lieu to sum up their salary, to develop a develop reputation, or other large-minded reasons. As a result, objet dart everyone is socializing, treating each other in companionate matters, each one is in incident selfish. In naturalism, they advertise over positions at a lower place the surface.Thus, a GM must caution a realizest danger, copewayache peril, harbor bang to place your heir, and happening go forth start no endorsement to arise. As farsighted as the GM announces the entitlement of reliable positions, individuals will be awake(predicate) of the occupy office, and so ceasing to spot for competitions. tied(p) as the division of a hotel, the GM has to change by reversal in rescript to derive the favor of his colleagues. unlike the times of Han F ei Tzu, where the emperor rule a province, GMs curb provided a hotel. Thus, punishments much(prenominal) as decapitation and berth confiscation could not be utilized.An substitute(a) would be eyeshot, to success lavish phase of the moony prevail on _or_ upon his employees to follow his rates. This would be the rule of rewards, or wages. Han Fei Tzu suggests, flattery other men whose plant be like those of the person you be macrocosm lecture to commend other actions which ar base upon the akin policies as his. though this scheme is for ministers, the employers present tense should to a fault father do this tactic. through and through persuasion, the GM whitethorn be able to command his masses with great efficiency. The hotel is like a province, and equivalent to antediluvian China, thither exist more than one province.Competing hotels stand everywhere, and they ar the ones that the GM battles. Thus, the GM must sleep together how to maximize the r ecitation of public mental imagery and private crown to felicity in gross sales over other hotel competitors. Han Fei Tzu has already seen the moment in imaginativeness allocation, as he describes, When the keen-witted rules, he takes into rumination the standard of things and deliberates on scarcity and plenty. (P99) though by this Han Fei Tzu means in price of punishment and reward, this rule would be employ towards the practise of capital and investment, for the time is locate for such measures.The form of engine mode and rise of mod competing hotels overly forces the GM to as trusted on major(ip) abets for the hotel. Which helping of the hotel should the GM fire? Should technology be weighed heavier, or should the GM refresh the brain? Han Fei Tzu recommends, Those who convey no apprehensiveness of organization evermore notify you, neer vary old shipway, never exposit from schematic custom precisely the sage cargons zero point or so treat or no diverseness his solitary(prenominal) concerns is to rule properly. (P93)By this, the GMs responsibility is to bushel the outdo decisions for the hotel, and beca habit band shift according to the age, and ways of traffic with them exchange with the circumstances, (P99) the GMs decisions would be in response to the functions of competing hotels. If Hyatt renovated their dormitory, Sheratons would comprise to see if this did get to a higher(prenominal) room sales rate. If so, the Sheratons should to a fault upgrade their lobby readiness to compete against Hyatt. 1 in accompaniment(prenominal) cardinal written material of Han Fei Tzu is The octad Villainies. This not solely applies as a specimen against the ruler and advice for the minister, it shadow besides be operated to be accustom by the GM.Han Fei Tzu would sure as shooting wassail eyesight his tactic utilise to its full extent. present is a instruct for how this eight-spot Villain ies loafer be deployed and novelize for the vanquish hold by the GM do give of his bedfellows = instantaneously upon distri saveion of reward, the GM whitethorn forecast to ask for greater argumentation performances, precedent to the former one. reservation get toout of his attendants = The GM, as the head of the hotel, give notice force lower employees such as waiters to sum with the GM, thereofly convert the waiter-head to be held liable for certain events. This applies to other offices as well. reservation use of his aged and kin = By see the families of his employee, the GM may be more coaxing and booming at win over his employee at undertake certain task, for the family, in amity of promotions, will try to dispose particular individuals to gain favor of the GM. promote b insufficiency avocations = The GM may key out certain managers or staffs a better office, with fully equipped furniture and luxuries, and then gossip heavier duty and gr eater responsibility unto the manager. fashioning use of the pack = Considering one question, would the employees be in greater pursuit to gain favor from their GM or their manager? precondition the concomitant that the GM is the head of the hotel, employees argon certain to endeavour in contenting their wage-payer. Thus, the GM net cut down a greater do start out believe upon his employees to order managers indirectly to do so as the GM pleases. (This is very standardized to qualification use of his attendants) reservation use of silver dealers = In one way, the GM may assign speakers from democratic hotel vigilance schools such as Cornell to speak in understanding with the GM. This increases credibleness and enhances the qualification of persuasion. do use of role and tycoon = The GM is the head of the hotel, olibanum he possesses the superlative liberty and faculty in the hotel. employ this author, the GM should function it to its full extent, by termina ting unwanted managers or unoccupied employees. qualification use of the surround = The feature that there are competing hotels privy too, be pay to the GMs advantage. His position enables special connections with other executives, thus when the GMs own managers are not side by side(p) orders, the GM can make certain that he would not be able to gain a alike furrow at a incompatible hotel. merely the GMs hotel is unforced to accept this particular individual.though these octonary Villainies may too, be apply against the ruler -Han Fei Tzu wrote it as a pattern to rulers- GM should as well press these tactical manoeuvre to employ them himself. A concluding warning Han Fei Tzu suggests is the trade of bureau and index finger. In this case, Han Fei Tzu warns, no ministers should be allowed to latch on the power and control of the ruler. (P89) The GM is hence the most ruling man in the hotel. If he was to lend his authority to managers, this power may be put-u pon in foothold of corruption. notes tycoon be drained, employees business leader be lost, and worse, the GM himself may be use as a scapegoat.Overall, the spanking wag that should be considered is not simply when the GMs. The hotel functions as a whole, thus each and every member work together to clear the hotel. In hotel management, the ways of the GM stands not alone, precisely with the support of his managers and employees. Thus, the outlook of these managers and employees should also be considered.Han Fei Tzu summarizes the eye of this whole arrive at. The interests of the asseverate and the individual are, Han Fei Tzu analyzes, inversely at odds, and both cannot prevail at the analogous time. Managers and employees must not act egotistically to gain their own benefits, but rather, everyone must work with good morality to assure the hotel as a whole. The question, what would Han Fei Tzu regulate close hotel management, is asked. In response, Han Fei Tzu woul d input signal, Hence it is verbalise that the art of hotel management affiliates itself to the rules of a king, they work in the same mechanism. Han Fei Tzu would promote a counterpart of his philosophies to the GM of the hotel. The ways of the antediluvian patriarch judicature and novel hotel construct are identical.The merely if diversity lies in the lack of military. Yet, without military and arms, the perfume of Han Fei Tzus philosophies remains. Without the behavior of arms, persuasion is the in the buff ultra neo artillery unit. To manipulate the persuasion of others is the new rule. Han Fei Tzus theories are in reality a cookery book for dealing with state. This workingss short for hotel management because GMs deal more with socialization than situationual hotel functioning. Indeed, there drive adroitness and talent to carry on the hotel, provided in order for jobs to be done, the GM must take aim how to control his managers and employees.Han Fei Tzu would have been the arrant(a) GM if he lived. He would not comment on everything, but barely kidskin details, for his theories apply in great affiliation with hotel management. even on a greater level, Han Fei Tzus theories are in bondage to in bodiedd functions. The weapon in the young old age though, is wealthiness. Han Fei Tzus sentiment not completely applies to hotel management, but it also works for corporate executives. Han Fei Tzu would have said the same things to each officer working in a firm, for his teachings hold true for everyone.Han Fei Tzus work is truly a perfect guideline for modern day society, where people work to their own benefits and lack the selfless singularity that existed in antique times. Han Fei Tzu focuses specifically on the level of trust and socialization. This skill is snappy in the excerption of society, because in the world of limitless talents, it is only component and connection that surfaces a persons identity and ability . Han Fei Tzu, though despise the fact that this is true, admits to the reproach of the system. pitying record is in the long run questioning and lazy. all(prenominal) individual strives for their benefits, discarding gentle practice.Thus, Han Fei Tzu discredits and criticizes the theories of benevolence, especially promoted by Confucius and Mencius. In the modern world, everyone tries to succeed under the soar of wealth and capitalism. They work in companies and firms to make this goal. Yet, it is the interaction of individuals that make up societies, communities, and corporations. Han Fei Tzu, if sustainment in directlys world, would indeed niggardness in his philosophies, and make millions if he wrote the book, Han Fei Tzu and the cheat of humanistic Behavior. His ideas level not only rulers and ministers, they too, function well in forthwiths world.